IELTS Writing Task 2：Linking Ideas（連接觀點）
你的想法沒錯：連接詞當然不只20個。不過，IELTS不是使用越多越高分，而是要做到：
Coherence 連貫性：觀點的順序合理、容易理解。
Cohesion 銜接性：句子之間使用連接詞、代名詞和關鍵詞自然連接。
下面整理的是Task 2最實用的連接方式。
一、先分清楚文法結構
| 類型 | 結構 | 正確例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 句子連接副詞 | However, + 完整句 | However, the policy is expensive. |
| 從屬連接詞 | Although + 主詞＋動詞 | Although the policy is expensive, it is effective. |
| 介系詞片語 | Despite + 名詞／V-ing | Despite the high cost, the policy is effective. |
| 對等連接詞 | 完整句, but/so + 完整句 | The policy is expensive, but it is effective. |
| 成對連接詞 | not only A but also B | It not only saves time but also reduces costs. |
1. Adding Similar Ideas 增加或連接相似觀點
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| furthermore | 此外；而且 | The policy is affordable. Furthermore, it is easy to implement.（這項政策負擔得起，而且很容易實施。） |
| in addition | 此外 | In addition, free school meals can improve attendance.（此外，免費營養午餐能提高出席率。） |
| moreover | 而且；此外 | Public transport is cheaper. Moreover, it is better for the environment.（大眾運輸較便宜，而且對環境更好。） |
| also | 也 | Online courses also allow students to learn at their own pace.（線上課程也讓學生按照自己的速度學習。） |
| similarly | 同樣地 | Young people need affordable housing. Similarly, older people need suitable accommodation.（年輕人需要可負擔的住房，同樣地，老年人也需要合適的住所。） |
| likewise | 同樣地 | Exercise improves physical health. Likewise, it can reduce stress.（運動改善身體健康，同時也能減輕壓力。） |
| in addition to | 除了……之外還…… | In addition to reducing pollution, cycling improves public health.（除了減少污染，騎自行車也能改善公共健康。） |
| not only…but also… | 不但……而且…… | Public transport not only reduces congestion but also lowers emissions.（大眾運輸不但減少壅塞，也降低排放量。） |
注意平行結構：
It not only saves time but also reduces costs. ✅
It not only saves time but also costs are reduced. ❌
2. Contrast and Concession 對比與讓步
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| but | 但是 | Cars are convenient, but they produce pollution.（汽車很方便，但是會造成污染。） |
| however | 然而 | Cars are convenient. However, they increase congestion.（汽車很方便，然而會增加交通壅塞。） |
| on the other hand | 另一方面 | Living in cities offers more jobs. On the other hand, living costs are higher.（住在城市有較多工作機會，另一方面，生活費較高。） |
| although | 雖然 | Although university education is expensive, it can improve career prospects.（雖然大學教育昂貴，但可以改善職涯前景。） |
| even though | 即使；儘管 | Even though the salary was low, she accepted the job.（儘管薪水不高，她仍接受了工作。） |
| despite | 儘管 | Despite the high cost, many students attend university.（儘管費用很高，許多學生仍選擇上大學。） |
| in spite of | 儘管 | In spite of living far away, she attends every class.（儘管住得很遠，她仍然每堂課都出席。） |
| while | 然而；相較之下 | While some people prefer cities, others enjoy rural life.（有些人喜歡城市，而其他人喜歡鄉村生活。） |
| whereas | 然而；反之 | Urban jobs are plentiful, whereas rural jobs are limited.（城市工作較多，鄉村工作則較少。） |
| nevertheless | 儘管如此 | The plan is costly. Nevertheless, it may bring long-term benefits.（這項計畫成本很高，儘管如此，仍可能帶來長期利益。） |
| in contrast | 相較之下 | City rents increased. In contrast, rural rents remained stable.（城市租金上升；相較之下，鄉村租金維持穩定。） |
三個重要公式：
Although + 完整句
Although the course was difficult, I completed it.
Despite/In spite of + 名詞或V-ing
Despite the difficulty, I completed the course.
Despite finding it difficult, I completed the course.
不能寫：
Despite the course was difficult… ❌
也不要同時使用：
Although it was difficult, but I completed it. ❌
Although it was difficult, I completed it. ✅
3. Clarifying Ideas 澄清、解釋或強調
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| that is | 也就是說 | Workers want greater flexibility; that is, they want more control over when and where they work.（員工想要更多彈性，也就是想控制工作的時間和地點。） |
| that is to say | 換句話說 | The programme is compulsory. That is to say, every student must attend it.（這項課程是強制的，換句話說，每位學生都必須參加。） |
| in other words | 換句話說 | The city lacks affordable housing. In other words, many people cannot afford to live there.（這座城市缺少可負擔住房，換句話說，許多人住不起。） |
| in fact | 事實上 | Many people believe buses are slow. In fact, they are often faster during rush hour.（許多人認為公車很慢；事實上，尖峰時段通常更快。） |
| indeed | 的確；確實 | Technology can improve education. Indeed, it gives students access to more resources.（科技能改善教育，的確，它讓學生取得更多資源。） |
| more specifically | 更具體而言 | Governments should improve public transport. More specifically, they should increase the number of buses.（政府應改善大眾運輸，更具體而言，應增加公車數量。） |
| namely | 即；也就是 | The policy has one main aim, namely reducing youth unemployment.（這項政策有一個主要目標，即降低青年失業率。） |
4. Giving Examples 舉例
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| for example | 例如 | Some countries use renewable energy. For example, Denmark produces a large amount of wind power.（有些國家使用再生能源，例如丹麥生產大量風力發電。） |
| for instance | 例如 | Technology can support disabled people. For instance, speech-recognition software helps people type.（科技能協助身心障礙者，例如語音辨識軟體可以幫助人們打字。） |
| such as | 例如；諸如 | Renewable sources such as solar and wind power should receive more investment.（太陽能與風力等再生能源應得到更多投資。） |
| to illustrate | 為了說明 | To illustrate, one city reduced traffic by introducing cheaper bus fares.（舉例來說，某座城市透過降低公車票價減少交通流量。） |
| a good example of this is… | 一個很好的例子是…… | A good example of this is Japan, where public transport is widely used.（一個很好的例子是日本，當地大眾運輸使用率很高。） |
重要差異：
For example/For instance + 完整句
Such as + 名詞或名詞片語
Some activities, such as swimming and cycling, improve heart health. ✅
For example, swimming can improve heart health. ✅
5. Reasons and Causes 原因
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| because | 因為 | Many people drive because public transport is unreliable.（許多人開車，因為大眾運輸不可靠。） |
| because of | 因為；由於 | Many people drive because of the unreliable public transport system.（許多人因大眾運輸系統不可靠而開車。） |
| since | 由於；既然 | Since housing prices are rising, many young adults live with their parents.（由於房價上升，許多年輕人與父母同住。） |
| due to | 由於 | Many flights were cancelled due to bad weather.（許多航班因天候不佳而取消。） |
| as | 因為；由於 | As the population is ageing, healthcare spending will increase.（由於人口老化，醫療支出將會增加。） |
核心差異：
because + 主詞＋動詞
because public transport is unreliable
because of/due to + 名詞或V-ing
because of poor public transport
because of living far away
6. Results and Consequences 結果與影響
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| therefore | 因此 | Public transport is limited. Therefore, many people depend on cars.（大眾運輸有限，因此許多人依賴汽車。） |
| consequently | 因此；結果 | The company reduced staff training. Consequently, productivity fell.（公司減少員工訓練，結果生產力下降。） |
| as a result | 因此；結果 | Many roads were closed. As a result, commuters faced serious delays.（許多道路封閉，因此通勤者遇到嚴重延誤。） |
| as a result of | 由於……的結果 | As a result of heavy traffic, air quality has declined.（由於交通繁忙，空氣品質下降。） |
| so | 所以 | Fuel prices increased, so more people used buses.（油價上升，所以更多人搭乘公車。） |
| thus | 因此 | The law was effective. Thus, it was extended nationwide.（這項法律有效，因此被推廣到全國。） |
| hence | 因此；所以 | The available evidence is limited; hence, further research is needed.（現有證據有限，因此需要進一步研究。） |
| for this reason | 基於這個原因 | Exercise improves mental health. For this reason, schools should provide more sports activities.（運動能改善心理健康，因此學校應提供更多體育活動。） |
| this leads to… | 這導致…… | A lack of sleep reduces concentration. This leads to poorer academic performance.（睡眠不足會降低專注力，進而導致較差的學業表現。） |
| which leads to… | 這進而導致…… | Long working hours cause stress, which leads to lower productivity.（長時間工作造成壓力，進而降低生產力。） |
不要用逗號直接連接兩個完整句：
Public transport is limited, therefore people drive. ❌
Public transport is limited. Therefore, people drive. ✅
Public transport is limited, so people drive. ✅
7. Ordering and Concluding Ideas 組織與總結
| 連接詞 | 中文 | 雙語例句 |
|---|---|---|
| firstly/first of all | 首先 | Firstly, governments should improve public transport.（首先，政府應改善大眾運輸。） |
| secondly | 第二 | Secondly, they should develop safer cycle lanes.（第二，政府應建設更安全的自行車道。） |
| finally | 最後一點 | Finally, public awareness should be increased.（最後，應提升公眾意識。） |
| meanwhile | 與此同時 | The government should build new homes. Meanwhile, it should control unreasonable rent increases.（政府應建造新住宅，同時也應控制不合理的租金上漲。） |
| overall | 整體而言 | Overall, the advantages of the policy outweigh its disadvantages.（整體而言，這項政策利大於弊。） |
| in conclusion | 總而言之 | In conclusion, governments and individuals must work together.（總而言之，政府與個人必須共同努力。） |
| to sum up | 總結來說 | To sum up, technology brings both opportunities and challenges.（總結來說，科技同時帶來機會與挑戰。） |
| ultimately | 最終；歸根究柢 | Ultimately, the success of the policy depends on public support.（最終，這項政策能否成功取決於大眾支持。） |
Band 6–6.5最應優先掌握的20個
先熟練這20個就足夠應付大部分Task 2：
| 功能 | 建議連接詞 |
|---|---|
| 增加觀點 | furthermore, in addition, also, moreover |
| 相似觀點 | similarly |
| 對比與讓步 | but, however, although, despite, while, whereas, on the other hand |
| 解釋與舉例 | in other words, in fact, for example, such as |
| 原因與結果 | because, because of, therefore, as a result |
| 結論 | in conclusion |
最重要的使用原則
不要每一句都放連接詞，否則文章會顯得機械化。
一個主體段落自然使用大約2–4個即可，沒有硬性數量規定。
不要為了炫耀而使用不熟悉的詞。
On the other hand 必須表達另一個角度，不只是普通的「但是」。
Furthermore、moreover、in addition 意思非常接近，同一段不需要全部使用。
IELTS看重的是「邏輯清楚＋文法正確」，不是連接詞的數量。
你原來的英文要求可以自然地改成：
I would like you to make this list more complete, provide Chinese meanings and example sentences, and organise everything in tables. I think there are more than the 20 expressions listed in the book.
